22 Agustus 2008
SMA Muhammadiyah membuka program kelas baru yang bernama ICT Class (Information Communication And Technology. Kelas ini berisi kurang lebih 20 siswa. Yang setiap siswa diberi sebuah laptop. Kelas berfull AC, OHP, satu LCD Screen, 1 Komputer guru, dll. Kelas ICT ini diproyeksikan masuk bidang science.
Selain ICT Class, SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Karanganyar membuka kelas siap kerja. Kelas siap kerja ini diberi bekal keterampilan dalam segala hal. Ada perakitan komputer, tehnikal HP,dll
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut klik www.smamuh1kra.sch.id
Selain ICT Class, SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Karanganyar membuka kelas siap kerja. Kelas siap kerja ini diberi bekal keterampilan dalam segala hal. Ada perakitan komputer, tehnikal HP,dll
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut klik www.smamuh1kra.sch.id
Jaringan Dasar Hewan
JARINGAN DASAR HEWAN
Tujuan : Mengenal tipe-tipe jaringan dasar yang ditemukan pada hewan.
PENDAHULUAN
Tubuh hewan terdiri atas jaringan-jaringan atau sekelompok sel yang mempunyai struktur dan fungsi yang sama. Jaringan dengan struktur yang khusus memungkinkan mereka mempunyai fungsi yang spesifik. Sebagai contoh, otot-otot jantung yang bercabang menghubungkan sel-jantung yang lainnya. Percabangan tersebut membantu kontraksi sel-sel dalam satu koordinasi (Campbell et al. 1999). Ilmu yang mempelajari jaringan disebut histologi. Jaringan didalam tubuh hewan mempunyai sifat yang khusus dalam melakukan fungsinya, seperti peka dan pengendali (jaringan saraf), gerakan (jaringan otot), penunjang dan pengisi tubuh (jaringan ikat), absorbsi dan sekresi (jaringan epitel), bersifat cair (darah) dan lainnya. Masing-masing jaringan dasar dibedakan lagi menjadi beberapa tipe khusus sesuai dengan fungsinya. Padasaat perkembangan embrio, lapisan kecambah (germ layers) berdiferensiasi (dengan proses yang disebut histogenesis) menjadi empat macam jaringan utama, yaitu jaringan epitel, jaringan pengikat, jaringan otot, dan jaringan saraf.
1. Jaringan Epithelium
Jaringan epitel terdiri atas satu atau banyak lapis sel, yang menutupi permukaan dalam dan luar suatu organ. Secara embriologi, jaringan ini berasal dari lapisan ektoderm, mesoderm atau endoderm. Di bagian tubuh luar, epitel ini membentuk lapisan pelindung, sedangkan pada bagian dalam tubuh, jaringan epitel terdapat disepanjang sisi organ. Jaringan epitel dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk dan jumlah lapisan sel penyusunnya, yaitu (1) epithelium satu lapis (simple epithelium). Epithel ini terdiri atas sel-sel berbentuk pipih, kubus, dan silindris (batang). Epithelium pipih selapis ditemukan antara lain pada lapisan endotel pembuluh darah. Epithelium bentuk kubus ditemukan pada kelenjar
tyroid dan pembuluh darah. Epithel berbentuk silindris (batang) ditemukan pada lambung dan usus. (2) Epithelium berlapis banyak (stratified epithelium) yang dibentuk oleh beberapa lapis sel yang berbentuk pipih, kuboid, atau silindris. Epithelium ini dapat ditemukan pada kulit, kelenjar keringat, dan uretra. Beberapa lapisan pada epitheliun ini dapat berubah menjadi sel-sel yang memanjang dan disebut epithelium transisional. Epitel transisional ditemukan pada kandung kemih (vesica urinaria). Disamping itu, terdapat epithelium berlapis banyak semu (pseudostratified epithelium) yang ditemukan pada trakea.
Epitel pipih berlapis, seperti yang terdapat di pemukaan kulit kita, mampu melakukan mitosis dengan cepat. Sel-sel baru hasil mitosis menggantikan sel-sel permukaan yang mati. Epitel ini juga sebagai pelindung oragan terhadap abrasi oleh makanan yang kasar, seperti yang ditemukan pada esofagus. Sebaliknya, epitelium pipih selapis berukuran tipis dan lemah, yang cocok untuk pertukaran material dengan cara difusi. Epitel ini ditemukan pada dinding kapiler darah dan alveoli paru-paru (Campbell et al. 1999).
2. Jaringan Ikat
Jaringan ikat berfungsi untuk menunjang tubuh, dibentuk oleh sel-sel dalam jumlah sedikit. Jaringan ikat terdiri atas populasi sel yang tersebar di dalam matrik ekstraseluler. Secara embriologi, jaringan ikat berasal dari lapisan mesoderm. Se-sel tersebut mensistesis matriks, dengan anyaman serat yang tertanam di dalamnya (Campbell et al. 1999). Jaringan ikat ini dapat dibedakan menjadi (1) jaringan ikat longgar dan (2) jaringan ikat padat, (3) jaringan lemak, (4) jaringan darah, (5) kartilago, dan (6) tulang.
Diantara enam tipe jaringan ikat, jaringan ikat longgar paling banyak ditemukan di dalam tubuh kita. Di dalam matriks jaringan ikat longgar ini hanya sedikit ditemukan serabut. Serabut penyusun jaringan ikat ini berupa kolagen. Fungsi utama jaringan ikat longgar adalah pengikat dan pengepak material, dan sebagai tumbuhan bagi jaringan dan organ lainnya. Jaringan ikat longgar di kulit membatasi dengan otot (Campbell et al. 1999).
Jaringan ikat padat/fibrous mempunyai matriks yang banyak mengandung serabut kolagen. Jaringan ini membentuk tendon sebagai tempat perlekatan otot dengan tulang, dan ligamen sebagai tempat persendian tulang dengan tulang (Campbell et al. 1999).
Jaringan lemak mengandung sel-sel lemak. Jaringan ini digunakan sebagai bantalan, dan melindungi tubuh, serta sebagai penyimpan energi. Setiap sel lemak, mengandung tetes lemak yang besar. Didalam jaringan lemak, matriks relatif sedikt (Campbell et al. 1999).
Darah adalah jaringan ikat yang tersusun sebagian besar cairan. Matriks darah disebut plasma, yang tersusun oleh air, garam mineral, dan protein terlarut. Sel darah merah dan putih tersuspensi di dalam plasma. Darah ini berfungsi utama dalam transpor substansi dari satu bagian tubuh ke bagian lain. Disamping itu, darah juga berperan dalam sistem kekebalan (Campbell et al. 1999).
Kartilago adalah jaringan ikat yang membentuk material rangka yang fleksibel dan kuat, terdiri atas serabut kolgen yang tertanam di dalam matriks. Kartilago banyak ditemukan pada bagian ujung tulang keras, hidung, telinga, dan vertebrae (ruas-ruas tulang belakang) (Campbell et al. 1999).
Tulang keras (bone) merupakan jaringan ikat yang kaku, keras, dengan serabut kolagen yang tertanam di dalam matriks (Campbell et al. 1999). Didalam matriks sel tulang terdapat kalsium yang dapat bergerak dan diserap oleh darah. Hal ini merupakan peran penting tulang dalam proses homeostasis kadar kalsium dalam darah. Sel tulang (osteosit) terdapat di dalam ruang yang disebut lakuna. Lakuna ini mengandung satu atau beberapa osteosit. Penjuluran yang keluar dari osteosit disebut kanalikuli. Kanalikuli dari satu sel berhubungan dengan sel lainnya, sebagai bentuk komunikasi sel. Satu osteon terdiri dari sejumlah lamela konsentris yang mengelilingi kanal sentral (kanalis Haversi). Pada individu yang masih hidup, kanal sentral ini berisi pembuluh darah.
3. Jaringan Otot
Secara embriologi, jaringan otot berasal dari lapisan mesoderm. Jaringan ini terdiri atas sel-sel yang memanjang atau berbentuk serabut yang dapat berkontraksi karena
adanya molekul miofibril. Pada vertebrata, secara tipikal mempunyai tiga jenis otot, yaitu otot skelet (rangka), otot jantung (cardiac), dan otot polos (Campbell et al. 1999).
Otot skelet berstruktur bergaris melintang, berfungsi untuk menggerakkan rangka. Otot ini bersifat sadar (voluntary), karena mampu diatur oleh kemauan kita. Serabut ototnya mempunyai banyak nukleus yang terletak ditepi. Otot rangka mempunyai garis melintang yang gelap (pita anisotrop) dan garis terang (pita isotrop).
Otot jantung merupakan otot bergaris melintang dan bercabang. Sifat otot ini tidak sadar (involuntary), karena kontraksinya tidak bisa diatur oleh kemauan kita. Nukleus terletak ditengah sel. Pada bagian ujung sel, terdapat sambungan rapat, yang membentuk struktur pembawa sinyal untuk kontraksi dari satu sel ke sel lainnya selama denyut jantung (Campbell et al. 1999).
Otot polos berbentuk seperti spindle. Kontraksi otot polos lebih lambat dinbbandingkan otot skelet, namun mereka mampu kontraksi dalam waktu lebih lama. Otot polos bersifat tidak sadar (involuntary), seperti otot jantung. Otot polos ditemukan pada banyak organ tubuh, diantaranya terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah dan melapisi organ dalam seperti usus dan uterus. Membran plasmanya disebut sarkolema dan sitoplasmanya sering disebut sarkoplasma. Sitoplasma yang mengandung miofibril dengan ketebalan mencapai 1 mikron.
4. Jaringan Saraf
Jaringan saraf berperan dalam penerimaan rangsang dan penyampaian rangsang. Secara embriologi, jaringan ini berasal dari lapisan ektoderm. Jaringan ini terdapat pada sistem saraf pusat (otak dan sumsum tulang belakang) dan pada sistim saraf tepi. Ada dua macam sel, yaitu sel saraf (neuron) dan sel pendukung (sel glia). Neuron mengandung badan sel, nukleus, dan penjuluran atau serabut. Satu tipe penjuluran tersebut adalah dendrit, yang berperan dalam menerima sinyal dari sel lain dan meneruskannya ke badan sel. Tipe penjuluran sel saraf yang lain, disebut akson (neurit), yang berperan dalam meneruskan sinyal dari badan sel ke neuron lainnya. Beberapa akson berukuran sangat panjang, yaitu memanjang dari otak sampai ke bagian bawah abdomen (panjang 1/2 meter atau lebih). Transmisi sinyal dari neuron ke neuron lainnya umumnya dilakukan secara kimia. Selain neuron, ditemukan juga sel pendukung, seperti sel glia. Sel glia
merupakan sel yang menunjang dan melindungi neuron. Sel-sel pendukung umumnya berperan dalam melindungi dan membungkus akson dan dendrit, sehingga membantu mempercepat transmisi sinyal (Campbell et al. 1999).
ALAT DAN BAHAN
Alat dan Bahan :
1. Mikroskop cahaya
2. Preparat awetan epitelium pipih, kubus, dan kolumner selapis.
3. Preparat awetan jaringan ikat.
4. Preparat awetan otot polos, skelet, dan jantung.
5. Preparat awetan jaringan saraf.
CARA KERJA
Preparat Epitelium.
1. Mintalah preparat epitelium pipih, kubus, dan kolumner selapis pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda baik dengan perbesaran lemah dan perbesaran kuat. Dengan perbesaran kuat, amati setiap tipe epitelium : bentuk sel, jumlah inti, letak inti, dan ciri morfologi lainnya. Lengkapi gambar anda dengan keterangan.
Preparat Tulang Padat.
1. Mintalah preparat tulang padat pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda baik dengan perbesaran lemah dan perbesaran kuat. Dengan perbesaran kuat, amati satu buah sistem osteon, yang terdiri atas lakuna, kanal sentral, lamela tulang, kanalikuli, dan kanalis Haversi. Lengkapi gambar anda dengan keterangan.
Preparat Otot Polos.
1. Mintalah preparat otot polos pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda dan beri keterangan selengkapnya.
Preparat Otot Skelet.
1. Mintalah preparat otot skelet pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10 ), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Amati preparat otot serat melintang irisan membujur dan irisan melintang, dengan menggunakan perbesaran kuat tentang bentuk sel yang berupa serabut dan adanya inti, garis gelap (anisotrop) dan garis terang (isotrop). Dimanakah letak intinya?
3. Gambar preparat anda dan beri keterangan selengkapnya.
Preparat Otot Jantung.
1. Mintalah preparat otot jantung pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10 ), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Amati preparat anda dengan menggunakan perbesaran lemah dan kuat dan bandingkan dengan preparat otot rangka.
3. Gambar preparat anda dan beri keterangan selengkapnya.
Preparat Jaringan Saraf.
1. Mintalah jaringan saraf pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda baik dengan perbesaran lemah dan perbesaran kuat. Dengan perbesaran kuat, amati satu neuron : badan sel, inti, akson, dan dendrit. Lengkapi gambar anda dengan keterangan.
Tujuan : Mengenal tipe-tipe jaringan dasar yang ditemukan pada hewan.
PENDAHULUAN
Tubuh hewan terdiri atas jaringan-jaringan atau sekelompok sel yang mempunyai struktur dan fungsi yang sama. Jaringan dengan struktur yang khusus memungkinkan mereka mempunyai fungsi yang spesifik. Sebagai contoh, otot-otot jantung yang bercabang menghubungkan sel-jantung yang lainnya. Percabangan tersebut membantu kontraksi sel-sel dalam satu koordinasi (Campbell et al. 1999). Ilmu yang mempelajari jaringan disebut histologi. Jaringan didalam tubuh hewan mempunyai sifat yang khusus dalam melakukan fungsinya, seperti peka dan pengendali (jaringan saraf), gerakan (jaringan otot), penunjang dan pengisi tubuh (jaringan ikat), absorbsi dan sekresi (jaringan epitel), bersifat cair (darah) dan lainnya. Masing-masing jaringan dasar dibedakan lagi menjadi beberapa tipe khusus sesuai dengan fungsinya. Padasaat perkembangan embrio, lapisan kecambah (germ layers) berdiferensiasi (dengan proses yang disebut histogenesis) menjadi empat macam jaringan utama, yaitu jaringan epitel, jaringan pengikat, jaringan otot, dan jaringan saraf.
1. Jaringan Epithelium
Jaringan epitel terdiri atas satu atau banyak lapis sel, yang menutupi permukaan dalam dan luar suatu organ. Secara embriologi, jaringan ini berasal dari lapisan ektoderm, mesoderm atau endoderm. Di bagian tubuh luar, epitel ini membentuk lapisan pelindung, sedangkan pada bagian dalam tubuh, jaringan epitel terdapat disepanjang sisi organ. Jaringan epitel dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk dan jumlah lapisan sel penyusunnya, yaitu (1) epithelium satu lapis (simple epithelium). Epithel ini terdiri atas sel-sel berbentuk pipih, kubus, dan silindris (batang). Epithelium pipih selapis ditemukan antara lain pada lapisan endotel pembuluh darah. Epithelium bentuk kubus ditemukan pada kelenjar
tyroid dan pembuluh darah. Epithel berbentuk silindris (batang) ditemukan pada lambung dan usus. (2) Epithelium berlapis banyak (stratified epithelium) yang dibentuk oleh beberapa lapis sel yang berbentuk pipih, kuboid, atau silindris. Epithelium ini dapat ditemukan pada kulit, kelenjar keringat, dan uretra. Beberapa lapisan pada epitheliun ini dapat berubah menjadi sel-sel yang memanjang dan disebut epithelium transisional. Epitel transisional ditemukan pada kandung kemih (vesica urinaria). Disamping itu, terdapat epithelium berlapis banyak semu (pseudostratified epithelium) yang ditemukan pada trakea.
Epitel pipih berlapis, seperti yang terdapat di pemukaan kulit kita, mampu melakukan mitosis dengan cepat. Sel-sel baru hasil mitosis menggantikan sel-sel permukaan yang mati. Epitel ini juga sebagai pelindung oragan terhadap abrasi oleh makanan yang kasar, seperti yang ditemukan pada esofagus. Sebaliknya, epitelium pipih selapis berukuran tipis dan lemah, yang cocok untuk pertukaran material dengan cara difusi. Epitel ini ditemukan pada dinding kapiler darah dan alveoli paru-paru (Campbell et al. 1999).
2. Jaringan Ikat
Jaringan ikat berfungsi untuk menunjang tubuh, dibentuk oleh sel-sel dalam jumlah sedikit. Jaringan ikat terdiri atas populasi sel yang tersebar di dalam matrik ekstraseluler. Secara embriologi, jaringan ikat berasal dari lapisan mesoderm. Se-sel tersebut mensistesis matriks, dengan anyaman serat yang tertanam di dalamnya (Campbell et al. 1999). Jaringan ikat ini dapat dibedakan menjadi (1) jaringan ikat longgar dan (2) jaringan ikat padat, (3) jaringan lemak, (4) jaringan darah, (5) kartilago, dan (6) tulang.
Diantara enam tipe jaringan ikat, jaringan ikat longgar paling banyak ditemukan di dalam tubuh kita. Di dalam matriks jaringan ikat longgar ini hanya sedikit ditemukan serabut. Serabut penyusun jaringan ikat ini berupa kolagen. Fungsi utama jaringan ikat longgar adalah pengikat dan pengepak material, dan sebagai tumbuhan bagi jaringan dan organ lainnya. Jaringan ikat longgar di kulit membatasi dengan otot (Campbell et al. 1999).
Jaringan ikat padat/fibrous mempunyai matriks yang banyak mengandung serabut kolagen. Jaringan ini membentuk tendon sebagai tempat perlekatan otot dengan tulang, dan ligamen sebagai tempat persendian tulang dengan tulang (Campbell et al. 1999).
Jaringan lemak mengandung sel-sel lemak. Jaringan ini digunakan sebagai bantalan, dan melindungi tubuh, serta sebagai penyimpan energi. Setiap sel lemak, mengandung tetes lemak yang besar. Didalam jaringan lemak, matriks relatif sedikt (Campbell et al. 1999).
Darah adalah jaringan ikat yang tersusun sebagian besar cairan. Matriks darah disebut plasma, yang tersusun oleh air, garam mineral, dan protein terlarut. Sel darah merah dan putih tersuspensi di dalam plasma. Darah ini berfungsi utama dalam transpor substansi dari satu bagian tubuh ke bagian lain. Disamping itu, darah juga berperan dalam sistem kekebalan (Campbell et al. 1999).
Kartilago adalah jaringan ikat yang membentuk material rangka yang fleksibel dan kuat, terdiri atas serabut kolgen yang tertanam di dalam matriks. Kartilago banyak ditemukan pada bagian ujung tulang keras, hidung, telinga, dan vertebrae (ruas-ruas tulang belakang) (Campbell et al. 1999).
Tulang keras (bone) merupakan jaringan ikat yang kaku, keras, dengan serabut kolagen yang tertanam di dalam matriks (Campbell et al. 1999). Didalam matriks sel tulang terdapat kalsium yang dapat bergerak dan diserap oleh darah. Hal ini merupakan peran penting tulang dalam proses homeostasis kadar kalsium dalam darah. Sel tulang (osteosit) terdapat di dalam ruang yang disebut lakuna. Lakuna ini mengandung satu atau beberapa osteosit. Penjuluran yang keluar dari osteosit disebut kanalikuli. Kanalikuli dari satu sel berhubungan dengan sel lainnya, sebagai bentuk komunikasi sel. Satu osteon terdiri dari sejumlah lamela konsentris yang mengelilingi kanal sentral (kanalis Haversi). Pada individu yang masih hidup, kanal sentral ini berisi pembuluh darah.
3. Jaringan Otot
Secara embriologi, jaringan otot berasal dari lapisan mesoderm. Jaringan ini terdiri atas sel-sel yang memanjang atau berbentuk serabut yang dapat berkontraksi karena
adanya molekul miofibril. Pada vertebrata, secara tipikal mempunyai tiga jenis otot, yaitu otot skelet (rangka), otot jantung (cardiac), dan otot polos (Campbell et al. 1999).
Otot skelet berstruktur bergaris melintang, berfungsi untuk menggerakkan rangka. Otot ini bersifat sadar (voluntary), karena mampu diatur oleh kemauan kita. Serabut ototnya mempunyai banyak nukleus yang terletak ditepi. Otot rangka mempunyai garis melintang yang gelap (pita anisotrop) dan garis terang (pita isotrop).
Otot jantung merupakan otot bergaris melintang dan bercabang. Sifat otot ini tidak sadar (involuntary), karena kontraksinya tidak bisa diatur oleh kemauan kita. Nukleus terletak ditengah sel. Pada bagian ujung sel, terdapat sambungan rapat, yang membentuk struktur pembawa sinyal untuk kontraksi dari satu sel ke sel lainnya selama denyut jantung (Campbell et al. 1999).
Otot polos berbentuk seperti spindle. Kontraksi otot polos lebih lambat dinbbandingkan otot skelet, namun mereka mampu kontraksi dalam waktu lebih lama. Otot polos bersifat tidak sadar (involuntary), seperti otot jantung. Otot polos ditemukan pada banyak organ tubuh, diantaranya terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah dan melapisi organ dalam seperti usus dan uterus. Membran plasmanya disebut sarkolema dan sitoplasmanya sering disebut sarkoplasma. Sitoplasma yang mengandung miofibril dengan ketebalan mencapai 1 mikron.
4. Jaringan Saraf
Jaringan saraf berperan dalam penerimaan rangsang dan penyampaian rangsang. Secara embriologi, jaringan ini berasal dari lapisan ektoderm. Jaringan ini terdapat pada sistem saraf pusat (otak dan sumsum tulang belakang) dan pada sistim saraf tepi. Ada dua macam sel, yaitu sel saraf (neuron) dan sel pendukung (sel glia). Neuron mengandung badan sel, nukleus, dan penjuluran atau serabut. Satu tipe penjuluran tersebut adalah dendrit, yang berperan dalam menerima sinyal dari sel lain dan meneruskannya ke badan sel. Tipe penjuluran sel saraf yang lain, disebut akson (neurit), yang berperan dalam meneruskan sinyal dari badan sel ke neuron lainnya. Beberapa akson berukuran sangat panjang, yaitu memanjang dari otak sampai ke bagian bawah abdomen (panjang 1/2 meter atau lebih). Transmisi sinyal dari neuron ke neuron lainnya umumnya dilakukan secara kimia. Selain neuron, ditemukan juga sel pendukung, seperti sel glia. Sel glia
merupakan sel yang menunjang dan melindungi neuron. Sel-sel pendukung umumnya berperan dalam melindungi dan membungkus akson dan dendrit, sehingga membantu mempercepat transmisi sinyal (Campbell et al. 1999).
ALAT DAN BAHAN
Alat dan Bahan :
1. Mikroskop cahaya
2. Preparat awetan epitelium pipih, kubus, dan kolumner selapis.
3. Preparat awetan jaringan ikat.
4. Preparat awetan otot polos, skelet, dan jantung.
5. Preparat awetan jaringan saraf.
CARA KERJA
Preparat Epitelium.
1. Mintalah preparat epitelium pipih, kubus, dan kolumner selapis pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda baik dengan perbesaran lemah dan perbesaran kuat. Dengan perbesaran kuat, amati setiap tipe epitelium : bentuk sel, jumlah inti, letak inti, dan ciri morfologi lainnya. Lengkapi gambar anda dengan keterangan.
Preparat Tulang Padat.
1. Mintalah preparat tulang padat pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda baik dengan perbesaran lemah dan perbesaran kuat. Dengan perbesaran kuat, amati satu buah sistem osteon, yang terdiri atas lakuna, kanal sentral, lamela tulang, kanalikuli, dan kanalis Haversi. Lengkapi gambar anda dengan keterangan.
Preparat Otot Polos.
1. Mintalah preparat otot polos pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda dan beri keterangan selengkapnya.
Preparat Otot Skelet.
1. Mintalah preparat otot skelet pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10 ), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Amati preparat otot serat melintang irisan membujur dan irisan melintang, dengan menggunakan perbesaran kuat tentang bentuk sel yang berupa serabut dan adanya inti, garis gelap (anisotrop) dan garis terang (isotrop). Dimanakah letak intinya?
3. Gambar preparat anda dan beri keterangan selengkapnya.
Preparat Otot Jantung.
1. Mintalah preparat otot jantung pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10 ), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Amati preparat anda dengan menggunakan perbesaran lemah dan kuat dan bandingkan dengan preparat otot rangka.
3. Gambar preparat anda dan beri keterangan selengkapnya.
Preparat Jaringan Saraf.
1. Mintalah jaringan saraf pada asisten anda dan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, amati preparat dengan perbesaran lemah (10X10), kemudian dengan perbesaran kuat (10X40).
2. Gambar hasil pengamatan anda baik dengan perbesaran lemah dan perbesaran kuat. Dengan perbesaran kuat, amati satu neuron : badan sel, inti, akson, dan dendrit. Lengkapi gambar anda dengan keterangan.
Description Of Mangkunegaran
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
OF ISTANA MANGKUNEGARAN SURAKARTA
1. Location of Istana Mangkunegaran
Mangkunegaran Palace is located in the center of Surakarta, or more familiar with Sala, in a district named Banjarsari. “Sleepless City”, Cultural Center”, “city of Batik”, and many other names and terms are called by people to describe the city of Surakarta. Solo or Surakarta is one of the attractive stopovers for tourists.
Beside it is not far from Yogyakarta, specialized district, it has various attractive tourism resort it visit as follows:
a. Kraton Kasunanan Surakarta
b. Istana Mangkunegaran
c. Radya Pustaka Museum
d. Triwindu Antique Market
e. Klewer Batik Market
f. Wuryaningratan Batik Gallery
g. Sangiran Museum
h. Sukuh Temple
i. Cetho Temple
j. Grojogan Sewu
One of the most interesting sights in this city is Istana Mangkunegaran that is often called, “Puro Mangkunebaran”. The palace, which is called “puro”, is a large building typical of the ancient Javanese style of aristocratic painting ornament and carving. The Palace was the dwelling place of Mangkunegaran falimilies descendant. The spirit of Javanese culture can be strongly perceived in terms of location, building and some actives that can he still witnessed up to now.
The palace area is situated at a quarter of four streets, Ronggowarsito Streets at the front, R.A. Kartini Streets at the right side, and Teuku Umar Streets at the left side and R.M. Said at the back side.
Mangkunegaran II began its construction at the end of the 18th centuries and it was completed in 1866 since then it has under gone several renovations; yet it still remains true to its original design, reflecting the Princess of the past.
Since the re-ign of Mangkunegoro VIII the palace was opened for public and organized as a tourism bureau in 1968. The idea was firsty tuned up from Prince Mangkunegoro Vlll who likes to correspond with l'breign Friends and to entertain them to visit palace. The palace is also completed by receptionist oil -ice, library, carriage gallery, art shops and public facilities to support the tourism
- Bureau.
2. The Short History of Mangkunegaran Palace
Talk about the Mangkunegaran Palace was build or usual called Puro Mangkunegaran in Surakarta City it is mean to effort about struggle of Raden Mas Said or famous with Pangeran Sambernyawa is the man who builds Praja ManZ!kuiicLaran (or called Ilic Mangk(incguru I).
Raden Mas Said was born in Kartosuro Palace in 17 April 1725 when he was 16 years olds. It is start the China rebellion against the Dutch at the end spread to everywhere and influence the attitude of Mataram people with the Dutch. When Susuhunan Pakubuana II (the authority of Surakarta Palace) takes side the Dutch, so the people attack the palace.
Raden Mas said that still young with his brother and his friends merge with the people against the Dutch. In 1741 they leave the palace and go to Nglareh country in Wonogiri. In Nglaroh country, Raden Mas Said troops more arrogant and strong because the people support his struggle. Because the suggestion ol'I'atih Kudanawarsa, IZadcn Mas Said merge with Sunan Kuning in
Randulawang to againts together. Because of his struggles, he is famous with Pangeran Sambernyawa (Prince who spread the death). He also merge with his parent in law. Kanjeng Pangeran Mangkubumi and he leads the troops againts the Dutch which is allied with Sultan Hamengkubuana I.
Raden Mas Said struggles that lasted about 17 years (1740 - 1757) was only backed up by small troops but they had great fighting spirit as well as rapid movement. Pangeran Sambernyawa determination and success in every fight cased a stir in Dutch side.
Even the Dutch fortification fell down, and it made Nicolas Hartingh (in Dutch Residence of Yogyakarta) so restless that he asked for Susuhunan Pakubuana I help to call and convince Pangeran Sambernyawa, who doubled that invitation from the beginning, to run the government at Surakarta.
However, he eventually came to that {palace and met Susuhunan Pakubuana II, who is his own uncle. Then on Saturday, Legi, Jumadilawal 5, the year of Alip and cycle of 8 years Kuntoro, Javanese Calendrical reckoning 1638 or March 17, 1757. Peace treaty was made among three parties Pakubuana 111, Raden Mas Said, and Sultan Hamengkubuana who was represented by vice Regent Danurejo at Kalicacing. Salatiga. With this treaty, finally Raden Mas Said can be successfully persuaded to stop his rebellion. Account to this treaty, Raden Mas Said post on was equal with other kings position and Susuhunan Pakubuana III, the single of Raden Mas Said take place 17 years (1740 - 1757) with the troops which can move fastly and strong. As for the title of this government ruling was “Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipaii Aryo Mangkunegoro”. Some exceptions were stated in treaty that he was not allowed to: 1. Sit upon the throne
2. Establish Balai Winata
3. Have his own city square
4. Raise a pair of Banyan tree
Those are meant to distinguish his authority from the kings of Kasunnanan Surakarta Palace and Kings of Kasultanan YoQVakarta Palace. And for land under Praja Mangkunegaran's authority included Kaduangland, Nglaroh, Wiroko, Hariboyo, Hangkuboyo, Kedu. Sambuyan Gunung Kidul, Northern Pajang and in the south of Solo - Kartasura road and Mataram. Due to Pangeran Sambernyawa who's struggle againts DutCh li>r 17 years (1740 -- 1517) Indonc”ia
government honored him first level Bintang M.A. and considered him as National Hero.
3. Who AccuP-ed the Tahta Praja Mangkunegaran ?
Praja Mangkunegaran is since Raden Mas Said can persuasion to stop the war by signing Salatiga treaty. That was the time when some of throne holders, successfully promoting Mangkunegaran during their reign, appeared. Based on Istana Mangkunegaran rule, at throne holder or Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Aryo Mangkunegoro must be appointed democratically by the whole families of the palace.
The substitutes of kings who has stepped down must be Mangkunegoro descendent. Who are considered by palace capable of becoming head of the
families and people. Those who were trusted to hold the throne in Istana Mangkunegaran are followed.
a. KAGPAA Mangkunegoro I
Maiden name : Raden Mas Said, when he served in Kartasura his name is Raden Mas Suryokusumo, when he conducted rebellion againts Kraton and VOC, his nick name is Pangeran Sambernyawa. He is the founder of Mangkunegaran and ruled from 1757 to 1795.
b. KGPAA Mangkunegoro II
Maiden name : R.M. Sulomo, grandchild of Mangkunegoro I, he was born as the son of Kanjeng Pangeran Adipati Prabuwijaya. I)uring his reign political silualiun changed, VUC dispc;rsc;d, I lindia t.3clanda ruling was established, then it was replaced by England: ruli ng under Raffles.
Dutch ruling returned, the Diponegoro battle was raging. Under that uncertain situation, Mangkunegoro li felt necessery to consolidare by separating from Kraton Surakarta and declaring independence. During his reign the blocker as Istana Mangkunegaran building was establishing gradually in the ruling period from 1795 to 1825.
, c. KGPAA Mangkunegoro III
Maiden name : R.M. Sarengat, grandchild of Mangkunegoro II and son of Pangeran Notokusumo. After consolidation of Mangkunegoro II and implementing well-organized foundation of administration, Karanganyar and Wonogiri regencies, were established. The daily ruling was entrusted to a vice regent. This government ruled from 1825 to 1853
d. KGPAA Mangkunegoro IV
Maiden name : R.M. Sudiro, after becoming grown up, his name is Gondokusumo. He is grandchild of Mangkunegoro III and Mangkunegoro V is his cousin.
The stability of economy. During his reign, the wealth of the palace was multiplied abundantly as the result of establishing coffee and tea factories, rice grain milling, etc. He ruling was from 1853 to 1881.
e. KGPAA Mangkunegoro V
Maiden name : R.M. Prangwedono. His program were improving the solidarity among kinship, applying Tri Darma to face social and economic crisis happened at the moment. He reigned from 1881 to 1896.
f. KDPAA Mangkunegoro VI
Maiden name : R.M. Surono, son of Mangkunegoro IV or brother of Mangkunegoro V.
His program was restoring the leadership reforming the attitude and ways of doing. Improving the effectiveness in spending this fund to develop and restoring every aspect, starting to promote confidence of Mangkunegaran to both inside on the country. He ruled fro, 1896 to 1916.
g. KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII
Maiden name : Notosuparto, son of Mangkunegoro V.
His program is to develop Mangkunegaran in the field education and culture in order to expand to the other countries. During his reign, Mangkunegaran regained its top of victory and greatness in the line with development of century twenties. The moment was considered by people as “Active social movement”> he reign was from 1916 - 1944.
h. KGPAA Mangkunegoro VIII
Maiden name : R.M. Suroso Noto Suparto.
He was 18 years old he was inaugurated. He is the founder as tourism Bureau of Istana Mangkunegaran Surakarta. He ruled from 1944 t0 1987¬
i. KGPAA Mangkunegoro IX
Maiden name : Sudjiwo Kusumo, son of Mangkunegoro VIII. ' He is the king who is still ruling. He is from 1989 - present.
r11UM%_.lXL 1.”1N L111V1'N “r 13 1 2111'N It
MANGKUNEGARAN
1. The Block of Istana Mangkunegaran
Puro/Istana Mangkunegaran, strictly speaking in princely house rather -than a palace, is built on kraton model but a small scale. It share the primary architectural features of Pendopo Ageng, Paringgitan, Dalem Ageng, Bale Peni and Bale Warm. The whole enclosed by an outer fortified wall. Like the principal Surakarta and Yogyakarta Kratons. Puro/Istana Mangkunegaran, underwent several modifications during the peak years of the Colonial Presence in Central Java and exhibits European decorative feature typical of the period.
Ifwc enter the blocks ol'Istana Manbkunc;l;aran, we will go in to 302,50 m x 308,25 m size of building.
The area of the whole building is 93.396 m2 and it is Javanese architecture building with ornament and some collection of items that show highly artistic culture of Javanese.
The blocks of the palace was built gradually by Mangkunegoro H from 1804 to 1866. basically, the building of Istana Mangkunegaran is divided into two, these are the part of the palace, to which the public is allowed to visit and the private parts of the ones opened for tourists according to the decree of KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII 1968. mainly the building includes three main parts, those are: Pendopo Ageng, Paringgitan, Dalem Ageng.
2. Pendopo Ageng
The first gate of the Kraton opens onto the Pamedan, a training field for the soldiers of Mangkunegaran legion. The former stables and barracks are located on the eastern side of the pamedan. The second gate leads into the inner courtyard which is dominated by the 3.500 sq, meter. Pendopo Ageng (Great Pendopo) which with a capacity of five to ten thousand people, was a for many years the largest in all Indonesia.
Pendopo Ageng Istana Mangkunegaran has wide called Pamedan Mangkunegaran, located to south of the palace gate. Among the given rooms, the
most front of the room lies “Pendopo” in where the traditional ceremony i s conducted, and it is also used to perform traditional dances.
The shape of Pendopo building is Joglo, the square wooden columns which support the Joglo roof were carved from trees grown in the Mangkunegaran forest in the hills of WonoI;iri. The entire structure was built without the use of nails. The predominant colors of that palace are yellow and green, young rice plant colors of the Mangkunegaran family. Special shape of Central Java building, it has four pillars (Saka Guru or main pillars) of 40 cm, made of log of teak tree. The height of the main pillars is 10. 50 m. While pillars of building is 16 m. The front part of this Great Pendopo Ageng is decorated with beautiful lamps derived from Holland.
The floor of Pendopo Ageng is 62.50 meters long and 51.60 meters wide, and the Italian marble floor was put in. the roof is made of hundreds of siraps (teak wood tiles) in 1925. the top of the roof is 16.70 meters from the ground. There is Gamelan set (instrument of the Javanese classical orchestra) in the south - west side of Pendopo Ageng which is named Kyai Kanyut Mesem, that means those who hear the gamelan sound will be shaken up to enjoy it. This gamelan is hundreds of years, the oldest, most complete, and the most frequently played Gamelan in the Mangkunegaran Palace.
The gamelan is popular in culture circles of Java as well aboard, is played on Wednesdays to accompany traditional dance rehearsals. Originally audiences were seated crosslegged on the floor of the Pendopo Ageng. Chairs were introduced only in the late 19th century, during the reign of Mangkunegoro VI.
In addition of this gamelan, these are three other sets of gamelan arranged in Pendopo Ageng, those are :
a. Munggang
b. Corobalen
c. Kodok Ngorek
This gamelan is sounded only for certain ceremonies such as : a. King inauguration
b. Wedding
c. Circumcision
d. Respected guests visit and many others
The decoration of the ceiling, in the middle of the Pendopo Ageng was painted in 1937 and is called Kumudhowati, the work of Liem To Hien (China).
The designer and the artist were from other countries, the painting has Javanese batik style called as Modang (fire/flame motif) one of the most popular Javanese patterns. Along the edge of the painting can be seen the Javanese version of the Zodiac and the paints of Compass (pictured the “Attribute -s and Weapons of the Dewas/Good”).
The center of the painting, picture the eight mystical color which symbolize magical powers. It has function to protect-againts negative things. The function of Pendopo, besides for dance and gamelan performance, it is also used for reception the Joglo shape without any all open shows the king characteristic to protect people impartially.
The second main building of the palace is called paringgitan. The room where the royal family receives official guest. This word derived from the word “Para” (Place) and “Ringgit” (Puppet). There fore it means this room is also used for Wayang (Puppet), Kulit (leather) performances. The show puppet plays depicting episodes from the Mahabarata and the Ramayana, the major epics of South's Asia and India literature. The Kelir (screen) spans the front door, the big main door. The Dalang (puppeteer) sits cross legged in front of the screen manipulating the puppets and speaking the parts of each character. The Blencong (oil lamp) hangs behind the screen in the I)alcrn nbcng (“fhc third main building of the palace). The members of the palace watch this performance from Dalem Ageng, the most glorious building. The door, at the middle, of this room is wide opened right behind the screen of the show, while the guests and common people can watch in front of the screen.
The shape of Paringgitan building is “Kutuk Ngambang” with 21,50 x 17,50 size or totally 375,25 m2. In this room, some painting of late Basuki Abdullah can be seen, these are : “Gusti Putri” (the Queen of Mangkunegoro
VII), and paintings of Mangkunegoro VIIi and Mangkunegoro VIL (Basuki Abdullah the well-known Solonese Painter).
In additional to the paintings mentioned above, there also two paintings,
. with the same size as the real model, of Kanj'eng Putri Mangkunegoro IX and KGPAA Mangkunegoro IX (the present there King and Queen), in front of the paintings, on the wall there are two half-century bronze statues of KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII and Queen. The porch of Paringgitan is decorated with several Chinese and Italian statues.
4. Dalem Ageng
Dalem Ageng is the main building of the palace that is considered as sacred and holy. To go into Dalem Ageng from Paringgitan, we pass three doors, the main door is right in the center and opened when there are special ceremonies.
Some tourists usually pass the left door of all Javanese houses is constructed in the Limasan Architectural style with eight Saka Guru (Pillars). Its size is 383,75 m2. Room which traditionally housed the royal bridal bed and which now serves as a museum.
In the inners room, there is place that is called Krobongan/Peranen-it is used to put the offering two Dewi Sri (The Goddess of rice) who had family ties with Mangkunegoro to present according to the legend. The Goddess of Grain and fertility but later was brought in-to the house and made into a bridal bed. There are two wooden statues in front of the Krobongan called Loro Blonyo. These statues symbolize well being.
The Dalem Ageng is only used for traditional ceremonies for the wedding of the Prince's daughters and funerals of family members. These ceremonies are held in front of the Krobongan or Petanen with the guests sitting on the floor. Neither gamelan music nor dances are ever performed in the Dalem Ageng. After a ceremony, when there are dances to be seen and gamelan to be heard, guests are requested to go to the Pendopo.
In the Dalem Ageng, the roof is with put a ceiling and the wood work is made to look like sunbeams; the sunlight shine in directly through the roof tiles, revealing the main architectural lines and on the frame of the house.
The function of Dalem Ageng, recently us not the place to conduct sacred ceremonies, but also the place as tile museum in where some collection of things
hundred years, before the place was established. The Dalem is also used to display a priceless collection of relics, found in the Surakarta area, skillfully by the late Mangkunegoro VII, and neatly arranged in cupboard and glass showcases. These relic consist of gold an bronze articles from the Hindu, Majapahit (1293 - 1478) and Mataram (1586 - 1755) periods and constitute one of the rarest collection of high cultural and archeological value in Indonesia. Some of pieces on display; large, gold Budhistic rings with sacred Mantra inscriptions; a gold chasity belt might have belonged to a queen's fabulous collection of gold coins and other objects from the Majapahit Kingdom; gold kerises and Javanese dagger handles; bronze Bodhisattva statues; ancients oil lamps; temple bells; bronze work and the other curious. Gold-plated dresses are also displayed in the Dalem Ageng in the Dalem Ageng along with gold ampilan articles, articles carried by young girls have to walk behind the Prince and Princess at special traditional ceremonies.
In this part of the palace, there is a collection of portraits of the many Mangkunegoro Princes hanging on the wall.
Chapter III
OTHER BUILDINGS
Beside the main building' Pendopo Ageng, Paringgitan, and Dalem Ageng, there are still other rooms for various necessities of the families in the palace, such as the dwelling palace of Mangkunegoro families behind the middle part of Dalem Ageng. This place is quite just like a nobleman owned house in the village, inside the park grow some trees and bush as natural preserve as well, with tens of kinds of birds, and classical European models statues. Unfortunately the area is private one.
l. Pracimoyoso
After observing Dalem Ageng, we can continue to go into park and Pracimoyoso. Pracimoyoso is the dinning room and function as family meeting room with modern architecture mixed with traditional style to be harmony. Going into Pracimoyoso, we can feel calm and impressed. The interior design is unique, and items that exist there show high values and taste.
In this room, the first tings to be seen are the rooms decorated with lace large mirrors on the wall of the room. Beside the mirrors, in the middle of the room hangs a crystal lamp. Unfortunately, this room can only be seen from outside and it is allowed to go in.
At the veranda of Pracimoyoso, there are several table and chairs sets and cupboards with the pictures of the big Mangkunegoro family. There are also foreign guests picture of Queen Yuliana and her husband (Dutch) and Queen Fabiolla and her husband (Belgium). When they visit the palace, as the sign ol'
- good relationship made between two kingdoms.
In the dinning-room of Pracomoyoso, these is glass will with picture, describing the daily life of Javanese society long time ago. This beautiful mirror was the work of art by a Dutch named Mr. Karsten. At the edge of the table in the dinning room there is also a carving of ivory, describing the story of Ramayana. They say
that this carving was made by a Balinese for thirty years. So no wonders of' this beautiful of carving is very amazing.
2. Bale Peni
This area was the dwelling place of Mangkunegoro families descendant, it is located beside Dalem Ageng. Bale Pen] is the part of the palace, to which the
public or visitors is not allowed to visit and private part of the palace, where only ' apartments for the Princes.
But it can be seen from Bale Warm, because it is not allowed to go in. between Bale Peni and Bale Warm, there are some classical European modeled statues and collection of mask used for dancing from various areas of Indonesia. Next to Bale Peni is the gamelan finishing.
3. Bale Warni
Bale Warm is located next to Dalern Ageng. The public is allowed to visit it. The area where only apartments for princesses. In this place we can see beautiful garden, with tens ol'various kind ol'birds, planted with Ilowering trees and ornamental shrubs.
There are some portraits of the royal family hanging on the wall and arranged on the table. And Masks are arranged in cupboard. The inner garden is a beautiful sanctuary with caged song hirds, classical P;urcrpcan statuary, colorful butterflies and fountains playing in the sunshine.
Opening on to the garden is the Beranda Dalem (Inner Verandah), an eight-side room with chandeliers and fine European furniture. Ornate gilt-framed mirrors line the walls. Leading off the inner verandah is a dining room with stained glass windows depicting Javanese scenes, and the princesses' dressing room and elegant tiled bathroom.
Bale Peni and Bale Warm, this part of the kraton, used to day as the residence of the current royal family, has retained the tranquil atmosphere of a noble country house.
4. Library
A lasting vestigate of the Kraton's part is the fine library, which is now housed in the upperstorey of the Kraton's administrative (Kantor Dinas Urusan Istana) wing on the left side of the Pamedan. It was established in 1867 MangkunegorolV.
This library is still used by student and historians. They can find some books in various language, some collections of historical photos, and some datas about plantation as well as the other possessions of Mangkunegaran.
The library with the heavy wooden shutters thrown open to admid shafts o t' white sunlight, is still used by historians and students seated at desk among the
rows of shelving stacked with leather-bound Javanese manuscripts, books, an extensive collection plantations and other land holdings.
At the end of the room, there is a room carts collection. This room is located next to Kantor Dinas Biro Pariwisata. These carts are used for special ceremonil.a, such as; wedding, Kings Inauguration, circumcision, and so on. Yellow and green, the colors symbolized fertility is dominating the carts' colors
Chapter IV ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS COLLECTION .
Traditional buildings, for example palaces, were mostly situated in Java island where The Hindu and Buddha Kingdoms existed. Those palaces are important assets in tourism sectors. Now days, most of them are organized as tourism objects there fore people can enjoy them. By keeping their historical and cultural nuance, palaces become interesting tourism object. They provide cultural attractions like traditional cerrnnonv processions, traditional danrrti and huhheis hCrli0rmancrs. Jav,inrsk classical orchestra, and also traditional foods and beverages. Tourist can enjoy not only the architectural building and the archeological remains but also the traditional performances.
In Mangkunegaran Palace has things or archeological remains that used in the past by Mangkunegaran and a half thing come from Buddhist and Hinduism are before the palace was build up and the things which come from around people. And the other collection come from foreign which is a gift from the country that Mangkunegaran know such as miniature from Princes Yuliana, a drinks tools from Belgy, crystal tools from Cekoslovakia, Sword from eastern country, samurai from Japan and other things. The purpose of collection to prove that we have high class culture from the post, with this collection, to try to make a live this generation to know our country habits.
And hope make the truth that the archeological remains as supernatural thing which can make lucky or sad, but it's as archeological remains with play a rule in study about history and culture things are :
1. Carriage
King of carriage which is exist are :
a. Kyai Con&okanto (the grandeus carriage)
Made in year 1850 - 1860
b. 2 Kinds of Berline carriage
made in year 1880 - 1900
made in Holmes Derby, London.
c. Galsslaundover Carriage
Made in year 1890 - 1900
d. Laundurt carriage
Made in after 1980 e. Borouchet carriage
2. Gold collection
a. Gold Buddhist rings with sacred Mantra in Scrimption
b. A gold chasity belt, which might have belonged to a queen's fabulous,
collection of coins and other objects from the Majapahit Kingdom.
c. Gold kerises and Javanese dagger handles d. Gold-plate dresses e. Finger rings
f. Bracelet rings
g. Rings and car rings h. Bracelet and ankled
i. Necklace or gold chain
_j. Body decoration k. Currency
l. Other things
- To ceremony
- Jewelry
- Ancient inscription, and use unknown
3. Statues collection
a. Stone statues
b. Bronze Bodhisattva c. Metal Statues
4. Weapon
a. Lance b. Keris c. Sword d. Kujang
5. Metal tools are :
a. Lamps (oil lamp)
b. The blencong (oil lamp) hangs behind the screen in the Dalem Ageng;.
c. Talam for the priest
d. Geta for the priest
e. Hangs bells, temple bells
f' License angklo
g. Holy water earthern cooking pot
h. Scoop
i. Mirror
j. Buddhist Atribute
6. Basuki Abdullah painting and photos
In the Paringgitan there are some paintings by Basuki Abdullah (the well known Solonese painter)
a. Gusti Putri (The Queen of Mangkunegoro Vlll)
b. Gusti Ratu Timur (The Queen of Mangkunegoro VII)
c. Painting of Mangkunegoro VII and Mangkunegoro VIII d. And many other photos of The Royal family.
7. Mask
The rare collection of masks used for dancing from various areas of Indonesia (Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Bali, Madura, Bandung and Malang) 8. Other things
a. A piece building fragment or temple and glazed porcelain. b. Appreciation or sign of respect
c. Dance clothes
d. Crystal collection
e. Calligraphy, Beber Puppets
And the other things in palace which the writer unknown.
OF ISTANA MANGKUNEGARAN SURAKARTA
1. Location of Istana Mangkunegaran
Mangkunegaran Palace is located in the center of Surakarta, or more familiar with Sala, in a district named Banjarsari. “Sleepless City”, Cultural Center”, “city of Batik”, and many other names and terms are called by people to describe the city of Surakarta. Solo or Surakarta is one of the attractive stopovers for tourists.
Beside it is not far from Yogyakarta, specialized district, it has various attractive tourism resort it visit as follows:
a. Kraton Kasunanan Surakarta
b. Istana Mangkunegaran
c. Radya Pustaka Museum
d. Triwindu Antique Market
e. Klewer Batik Market
f. Wuryaningratan Batik Gallery
g. Sangiran Museum
h. Sukuh Temple
i. Cetho Temple
j. Grojogan Sewu
One of the most interesting sights in this city is Istana Mangkunegaran that is often called, “Puro Mangkunebaran”. The palace, which is called “puro”, is a large building typical of the ancient Javanese style of aristocratic painting ornament and carving. The Palace was the dwelling place of Mangkunegaran falimilies descendant. The spirit of Javanese culture can be strongly perceived in terms of location, building and some actives that can he still witnessed up to now.
The palace area is situated at a quarter of four streets, Ronggowarsito Streets at the front, R.A. Kartini Streets at the right side, and Teuku Umar Streets at the left side and R.M. Said at the back side.
Mangkunegaran II began its construction at the end of the 18th centuries and it was completed in 1866 since then it has under gone several renovations; yet it still remains true to its original design, reflecting the Princess of the past.
Since the re-ign of Mangkunegoro VIII the palace was opened for public and organized as a tourism bureau in 1968. The idea was firsty tuned up from Prince Mangkunegoro Vlll who likes to correspond with l'breign Friends and to entertain them to visit palace. The palace is also completed by receptionist oil -ice, library, carriage gallery, art shops and public facilities to support the tourism
- Bureau.
2. The Short History of Mangkunegaran Palace
Talk about the Mangkunegaran Palace was build or usual called Puro Mangkunegaran in Surakarta City it is mean to effort about struggle of Raden Mas Said or famous with Pangeran Sambernyawa is the man who builds Praja ManZ!kuiicLaran (or called Ilic Mangk(incguru I).
Raden Mas Said was born in Kartosuro Palace in 17 April 1725 when he was 16 years olds. It is start the China rebellion against the Dutch at the end spread to everywhere and influence the attitude of Mataram people with the Dutch. When Susuhunan Pakubuana II (the authority of Surakarta Palace) takes side the Dutch, so the people attack the palace.
Raden Mas said that still young with his brother and his friends merge with the people against the Dutch. In 1741 they leave the palace and go to Nglareh country in Wonogiri. In Nglaroh country, Raden Mas Said troops more arrogant and strong because the people support his struggle. Because the suggestion ol'I'atih Kudanawarsa, IZadcn Mas Said merge with Sunan Kuning in
Randulawang to againts together. Because of his struggles, he is famous with Pangeran Sambernyawa (Prince who spread the death). He also merge with his parent in law. Kanjeng Pangeran Mangkubumi and he leads the troops againts the Dutch which is allied with Sultan Hamengkubuana I.
Raden Mas Said struggles that lasted about 17 years (1740 - 1757) was only backed up by small troops but they had great fighting spirit as well as rapid movement. Pangeran Sambernyawa determination and success in every fight cased a stir in Dutch side.
Even the Dutch fortification fell down, and it made Nicolas Hartingh (in Dutch Residence of Yogyakarta) so restless that he asked for Susuhunan Pakubuana I help to call and convince Pangeran Sambernyawa, who doubled that invitation from the beginning, to run the government at Surakarta.
However, he eventually came to that {palace and met Susuhunan Pakubuana II, who is his own uncle. Then on Saturday, Legi, Jumadilawal 5, the year of Alip and cycle of 8 years Kuntoro, Javanese Calendrical reckoning 1638 or March 17, 1757. Peace treaty was made among three parties Pakubuana 111, Raden Mas Said, and Sultan Hamengkubuana who was represented by vice Regent Danurejo at Kalicacing. Salatiga. With this treaty, finally Raden Mas Said can be successfully persuaded to stop his rebellion. Account to this treaty, Raden Mas Said post on was equal with other kings position and Susuhunan Pakubuana III, the single of Raden Mas Said take place 17 years (1740 - 1757) with the troops which can move fastly and strong. As for the title of this government ruling was “Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipaii Aryo Mangkunegoro”. Some exceptions were stated in treaty that he was not allowed to: 1. Sit upon the throne
2. Establish Balai Winata
3. Have his own city square
4. Raise a pair of Banyan tree
Those are meant to distinguish his authority from the kings of Kasunnanan Surakarta Palace and Kings of Kasultanan YoQVakarta Palace. And for land under Praja Mangkunegaran's authority included Kaduangland, Nglaroh, Wiroko, Hariboyo, Hangkuboyo, Kedu. Sambuyan Gunung Kidul, Northern Pajang and in the south of Solo - Kartasura road and Mataram. Due to Pangeran Sambernyawa who's struggle againts DutCh li>r 17 years (1740 -- 1517) Indonc”ia
government honored him first level Bintang M.A. and considered him as National Hero.
3. Who AccuP-ed the Tahta Praja Mangkunegaran ?
Praja Mangkunegaran is since Raden Mas Said can persuasion to stop the war by signing Salatiga treaty. That was the time when some of throne holders, successfully promoting Mangkunegaran during their reign, appeared. Based on Istana Mangkunegaran rule, at throne holder or Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Aryo Mangkunegoro must be appointed democratically by the whole families of the palace.
The substitutes of kings who has stepped down must be Mangkunegoro descendent. Who are considered by palace capable of becoming head of the
families and people. Those who were trusted to hold the throne in Istana Mangkunegaran are followed.
a. KAGPAA Mangkunegoro I
Maiden name : Raden Mas Said, when he served in Kartasura his name is Raden Mas Suryokusumo, when he conducted rebellion againts Kraton and VOC, his nick name is Pangeran Sambernyawa. He is the founder of Mangkunegaran and ruled from 1757 to 1795.
b. KGPAA Mangkunegoro II
Maiden name : R.M. Sulomo, grandchild of Mangkunegoro I, he was born as the son of Kanjeng Pangeran Adipati Prabuwijaya. I)uring his reign political silualiun changed, VUC dispc;rsc;d, I lindia t.3clanda ruling was established, then it was replaced by England: ruli ng under Raffles.
Dutch ruling returned, the Diponegoro battle was raging. Under that uncertain situation, Mangkunegoro li felt necessery to consolidare by separating from Kraton Surakarta and declaring independence. During his reign the blocker as Istana Mangkunegaran building was establishing gradually in the ruling period from 1795 to 1825.
, c. KGPAA Mangkunegoro III
Maiden name : R.M. Sarengat, grandchild of Mangkunegoro II and son of Pangeran Notokusumo. After consolidation of Mangkunegoro II and implementing well-organized foundation of administration, Karanganyar and Wonogiri regencies, were established. The daily ruling was entrusted to a vice regent. This government ruled from 1825 to 1853
d. KGPAA Mangkunegoro IV
Maiden name : R.M. Sudiro, after becoming grown up, his name is Gondokusumo. He is grandchild of Mangkunegoro III and Mangkunegoro V is his cousin.
The stability of economy. During his reign, the wealth of the palace was multiplied abundantly as the result of establishing coffee and tea factories, rice grain milling, etc. He ruling was from 1853 to 1881.
e. KGPAA Mangkunegoro V
Maiden name : R.M. Prangwedono. His program were improving the solidarity among kinship, applying Tri Darma to face social and economic crisis happened at the moment. He reigned from 1881 to 1896.
f. KDPAA Mangkunegoro VI
Maiden name : R.M. Surono, son of Mangkunegoro IV or brother of Mangkunegoro V.
His program was restoring the leadership reforming the attitude and ways of doing. Improving the effectiveness in spending this fund to develop and restoring every aspect, starting to promote confidence of Mangkunegaran to both inside on the country. He ruled fro, 1896 to 1916.
g. KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII
Maiden name : Notosuparto, son of Mangkunegoro V.
His program is to develop Mangkunegaran in the field education and culture in order to expand to the other countries. During his reign, Mangkunegaran regained its top of victory and greatness in the line with development of century twenties. The moment was considered by people as “Active social movement”> he reign was from 1916 - 1944.
h. KGPAA Mangkunegoro VIII
Maiden name : R.M. Suroso Noto Suparto.
He was 18 years old he was inaugurated. He is the founder as tourism Bureau of Istana Mangkunegaran Surakarta. He ruled from 1944 t0 1987¬
i. KGPAA Mangkunegoro IX
Maiden name : Sudjiwo Kusumo, son of Mangkunegoro VIII. ' He is the king who is still ruling. He is from 1989 - present.
r11UM%_.lXL 1.”1N L111V1'N “r 13 1 2111'N It
MANGKUNEGARAN
1. The Block of Istana Mangkunegaran
Puro/Istana Mangkunegaran, strictly speaking in princely house rather -than a palace, is built on kraton model but a small scale. It share the primary architectural features of Pendopo Ageng, Paringgitan, Dalem Ageng, Bale Peni and Bale Warm. The whole enclosed by an outer fortified wall. Like the principal Surakarta and Yogyakarta Kratons. Puro/Istana Mangkunegaran, underwent several modifications during the peak years of the Colonial Presence in Central Java and exhibits European decorative feature typical of the period.
Ifwc enter the blocks ol'Istana Manbkunc;l;aran, we will go in to 302,50 m x 308,25 m size of building.
The area of the whole building is 93.396 m2 and it is Javanese architecture building with ornament and some collection of items that show highly artistic culture of Javanese.
The blocks of the palace was built gradually by Mangkunegoro H from 1804 to 1866. basically, the building of Istana Mangkunegaran is divided into two, these are the part of the palace, to which the public is allowed to visit and the private parts of the ones opened for tourists according to the decree of KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII 1968. mainly the building includes three main parts, those are: Pendopo Ageng, Paringgitan, Dalem Ageng.
2. Pendopo Ageng
The first gate of the Kraton opens onto the Pamedan, a training field for the soldiers of Mangkunegaran legion. The former stables and barracks are located on the eastern side of the pamedan. The second gate leads into the inner courtyard which is dominated by the 3.500 sq, meter. Pendopo Ageng (Great Pendopo) which with a capacity of five to ten thousand people, was a for many years the largest in all Indonesia.
Pendopo Ageng Istana Mangkunegaran has wide called Pamedan Mangkunegaran, located to south of the palace gate. Among the given rooms, the
most front of the room lies “Pendopo” in where the traditional ceremony i s conducted, and it is also used to perform traditional dances.
The shape of Pendopo building is Joglo, the square wooden columns which support the Joglo roof were carved from trees grown in the Mangkunegaran forest in the hills of WonoI;iri. The entire structure was built without the use of nails. The predominant colors of that palace are yellow and green, young rice plant colors of the Mangkunegaran family. Special shape of Central Java building, it has four pillars (Saka Guru or main pillars) of 40 cm, made of log of teak tree. The height of the main pillars is 10. 50 m. While pillars of building is 16 m. The front part of this Great Pendopo Ageng is decorated with beautiful lamps derived from Holland.
The floor of Pendopo Ageng is 62.50 meters long and 51.60 meters wide, and the Italian marble floor was put in. the roof is made of hundreds of siraps (teak wood tiles) in 1925. the top of the roof is 16.70 meters from the ground. There is Gamelan set (instrument of the Javanese classical orchestra) in the south - west side of Pendopo Ageng which is named Kyai Kanyut Mesem, that means those who hear the gamelan sound will be shaken up to enjoy it. This gamelan is hundreds of years, the oldest, most complete, and the most frequently played Gamelan in the Mangkunegaran Palace.
The gamelan is popular in culture circles of Java as well aboard, is played on Wednesdays to accompany traditional dance rehearsals. Originally audiences were seated crosslegged on the floor of the Pendopo Ageng. Chairs were introduced only in the late 19th century, during the reign of Mangkunegoro VI.
In addition of this gamelan, these are three other sets of gamelan arranged in Pendopo Ageng, those are :
a. Munggang
b. Corobalen
c. Kodok Ngorek
This gamelan is sounded only for certain ceremonies such as : a. King inauguration
b. Wedding
c. Circumcision
d. Respected guests visit and many others
The decoration of the ceiling, in the middle of the Pendopo Ageng was painted in 1937 and is called Kumudhowati, the work of Liem To Hien (China).
The designer and the artist were from other countries, the painting has Javanese batik style called as Modang (fire/flame motif) one of the most popular Javanese patterns. Along the edge of the painting can be seen the Javanese version of the Zodiac and the paints of Compass (pictured the “Attribute -s and Weapons of the Dewas/Good”).
The center of the painting, picture the eight mystical color which symbolize magical powers. It has function to protect-againts negative things. The function of Pendopo, besides for dance and gamelan performance, it is also used for reception the Joglo shape without any all open shows the king characteristic to protect people impartially.
The second main building of the palace is called paringgitan. The room where the royal family receives official guest. This word derived from the word “Para” (Place) and “Ringgit” (Puppet). There fore it means this room is also used for Wayang (Puppet), Kulit (leather) performances. The show puppet plays depicting episodes from the Mahabarata and the Ramayana, the major epics of South's Asia and India literature. The Kelir (screen) spans the front door, the big main door. The Dalang (puppeteer) sits cross legged in front of the screen manipulating the puppets and speaking the parts of each character. The Blencong (oil lamp) hangs behind the screen in the I)alcrn nbcng (“fhc third main building of the palace). The members of the palace watch this performance from Dalem Ageng, the most glorious building. The door, at the middle, of this room is wide opened right behind the screen of the show, while the guests and common people can watch in front of the screen.
The shape of Paringgitan building is “Kutuk Ngambang” with 21,50 x 17,50 size or totally 375,25 m2. In this room, some painting of late Basuki Abdullah can be seen, these are : “Gusti Putri” (the Queen of Mangkunegoro
VII), and paintings of Mangkunegoro VIIi and Mangkunegoro VIL (Basuki Abdullah the well-known Solonese Painter).
In additional to the paintings mentioned above, there also two paintings,
. with the same size as the real model, of Kanj'eng Putri Mangkunegoro IX and KGPAA Mangkunegoro IX (the present there King and Queen), in front of the paintings, on the wall there are two half-century bronze statues of KGPAA Mangkunegoro VII and Queen. The porch of Paringgitan is decorated with several Chinese and Italian statues.
4. Dalem Ageng
Dalem Ageng is the main building of the palace that is considered as sacred and holy. To go into Dalem Ageng from Paringgitan, we pass three doors, the main door is right in the center and opened when there are special ceremonies.
Some tourists usually pass the left door of all Javanese houses is constructed in the Limasan Architectural style with eight Saka Guru (Pillars). Its size is 383,75 m2. Room which traditionally housed the royal bridal bed and which now serves as a museum.
In the inners room, there is place that is called Krobongan/Peranen-it is used to put the offering two Dewi Sri (The Goddess of rice) who had family ties with Mangkunegoro to present according to the legend. The Goddess of Grain and fertility but later was brought in-to the house and made into a bridal bed. There are two wooden statues in front of the Krobongan called Loro Blonyo. These statues symbolize well being.
The Dalem Ageng is only used for traditional ceremonies for the wedding of the Prince's daughters and funerals of family members. These ceremonies are held in front of the Krobongan or Petanen with the guests sitting on the floor. Neither gamelan music nor dances are ever performed in the Dalem Ageng. After a ceremony, when there are dances to be seen and gamelan to be heard, guests are requested to go to the Pendopo.
In the Dalem Ageng, the roof is with put a ceiling and the wood work is made to look like sunbeams; the sunlight shine in directly through the roof tiles, revealing the main architectural lines and on the frame of the house.
The function of Dalem Ageng, recently us not the place to conduct sacred ceremonies, but also the place as tile museum in where some collection of things
hundred years, before the place was established. The Dalem is also used to display a priceless collection of relics, found in the Surakarta area, skillfully by the late Mangkunegoro VII, and neatly arranged in cupboard and glass showcases. These relic consist of gold an bronze articles from the Hindu, Majapahit (1293 - 1478) and Mataram (1586 - 1755) periods and constitute one of the rarest collection of high cultural and archeological value in Indonesia. Some of pieces on display; large, gold Budhistic rings with sacred Mantra inscriptions; a gold chasity belt might have belonged to a queen's fabulous collection of gold coins and other objects from the Majapahit Kingdom; gold kerises and Javanese dagger handles; bronze Bodhisattva statues; ancients oil lamps; temple bells; bronze work and the other curious. Gold-plated dresses are also displayed in the Dalem Ageng in the Dalem Ageng along with gold ampilan articles, articles carried by young girls have to walk behind the Prince and Princess at special traditional ceremonies.
In this part of the palace, there is a collection of portraits of the many Mangkunegoro Princes hanging on the wall.
Chapter III
OTHER BUILDINGS
Beside the main building' Pendopo Ageng, Paringgitan, and Dalem Ageng, there are still other rooms for various necessities of the families in the palace, such as the dwelling palace of Mangkunegoro families behind the middle part of Dalem Ageng. This place is quite just like a nobleman owned house in the village, inside the park grow some trees and bush as natural preserve as well, with tens of kinds of birds, and classical European models statues. Unfortunately the area is private one.
l. Pracimoyoso
After observing Dalem Ageng, we can continue to go into park and Pracimoyoso. Pracimoyoso is the dinning room and function as family meeting room with modern architecture mixed with traditional style to be harmony. Going into Pracimoyoso, we can feel calm and impressed. The interior design is unique, and items that exist there show high values and taste.
In this room, the first tings to be seen are the rooms decorated with lace large mirrors on the wall of the room. Beside the mirrors, in the middle of the room hangs a crystal lamp. Unfortunately, this room can only be seen from outside and it is allowed to go in.
At the veranda of Pracimoyoso, there are several table and chairs sets and cupboards with the pictures of the big Mangkunegoro family. There are also foreign guests picture of Queen Yuliana and her husband (Dutch) and Queen Fabiolla and her husband (Belgium). When they visit the palace, as the sign ol'
- good relationship made between two kingdoms.
In the dinning-room of Pracomoyoso, these is glass will with picture, describing the daily life of Javanese society long time ago. This beautiful mirror was the work of art by a Dutch named Mr. Karsten. At the edge of the table in the dinning room there is also a carving of ivory, describing the story of Ramayana. They say
that this carving was made by a Balinese for thirty years. So no wonders of' this beautiful of carving is very amazing.
2. Bale Peni
This area was the dwelling place of Mangkunegoro families descendant, it is located beside Dalem Ageng. Bale Pen] is the part of the palace, to which the
public or visitors is not allowed to visit and private part of the palace, where only ' apartments for the Princes.
But it can be seen from Bale Warm, because it is not allowed to go in. between Bale Peni and Bale Warm, there are some classical European modeled statues and collection of mask used for dancing from various areas of Indonesia. Next to Bale Peni is the gamelan finishing.
3. Bale Warni
Bale Warm is located next to Dalern Ageng. The public is allowed to visit it. The area where only apartments for princesses. In this place we can see beautiful garden, with tens ol'various kind ol'birds, planted with Ilowering trees and ornamental shrubs.
There are some portraits of the royal family hanging on the wall and arranged on the table. And Masks are arranged in cupboard. The inner garden is a beautiful sanctuary with caged song hirds, classical P;urcrpcan statuary, colorful butterflies and fountains playing in the sunshine.
Opening on to the garden is the Beranda Dalem (Inner Verandah), an eight-side room with chandeliers and fine European furniture. Ornate gilt-framed mirrors line the walls. Leading off the inner verandah is a dining room with stained glass windows depicting Javanese scenes, and the princesses' dressing room and elegant tiled bathroom.
Bale Peni and Bale Warm, this part of the kraton, used to day as the residence of the current royal family, has retained the tranquil atmosphere of a noble country house.
4. Library
A lasting vestigate of the Kraton's part is the fine library, which is now housed in the upperstorey of the Kraton's administrative (Kantor Dinas Urusan Istana) wing on the left side of the Pamedan. It was established in 1867 MangkunegorolV.
This library is still used by student and historians. They can find some books in various language, some collections of historical photos, and some datas about plantation as well as the other possessions of Mangkunegaran.
The library with the heavy wooden shutters thrown open to admid shafts o t' white sunlight, is still used by historians and students seated at desk among the
rows of shelving stacked with leather-bound Javanese manuscripts, books, an extensive collection plantations and other land holdings.
At the end of the room, there is a room carts collection. This room is located next to Kantor Dinas Biro Pariwisata. These carts are used for special ceremonil.a, such as; wedding, Kings Inauguration, circumcision, and so on. Yellow and green, the colors symbolized fertility is dominating the carts' colors
Chapter IV ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS COLLECTION .
Traditional buildings, for example palaces, were mostly situated in Java island where The Hindu and Buddha Kingdoms existed. Those palaces are important assets in tourism sectors. Now days, most of them are organized as tourism objects there fore people can enjoy them. By keeping their historical and cultural nuance, palaces become interesting tourism object. They provide cultural attractions like traditional cerrnnonv processions, traditional danrrti and huhheis hCrli0rmancrs. Jav,inrsk classical orchestra, and also traditional foods and beverages. Tourist can enjoy not only the architectural building and the archeological remains but also the traditional performances.
In Mangkunegaran Palace has things or archeological remains that used in the past by Mangkunegaran and a half thing come from Buddhist and Hinduism are before the palace was build up and the things which come from around people. And the other collection come from foreign which is a gift from the country that Mangkunegaran know such as miniature from Princes Yuliana, a drinks tools from Belgy, crystal tools from Cekoslovakia, Sword from eastern country, samurai from Japan and other things. The purpose of collection to prove that we have high class culture from the post, with this collection, to try to make a live this generation to know our country habits.
And hope make the truth that the archeological remains as supernatural thing which can make lucky or sad, but it's as archeological remains with play a rule in study about history and culture things are :
1. Carriage
King of carriage which is exist are :
a. Kyai Con&okanto (the grandeus carriage)
Made in year 1850 - 1860
b. 2 Kinds of Berline carriage
made in year 1880 - 1900
made in Holmes Derby, London.
c. Galsslaundover Carriage
Made in year 1890 - 1900
d. Laundurt carriage
Made in after 1980 e. Borouchet carriage
2. Gold collection
a. Gold Buddhist rings with sacred Mantra in Scrimption
b. A gold chasity belt, which might have belonged to a queen's fabulous,
collection of coins and other objects from the Majapahit Kingdom.
c. Gold kerises and Javanese dagger handles d. Gold-plate dresses e. Finger rings
f. Bracelet rings
g. Rings and car rings h. Bracelet and ankled
i. Necklace or gold chain
_j. Body decoration k. Currency
l. Other things
- To ceremony
- Jewelry
- Ancient inscription, and use unknown
3. Statues collection
a. Stone statues
b. Bronze Bodhisattva c. Metal Statues
4. Weapon
a. Lance b. Keris c. Sword d. Kujang
5. Metal tools are :
a. Lamps (oil lamp)
b. The blencong (oil lamp) hangs behind the screen in the Dalem Ageng;.
c. Talam for the priest
d. Geta for the priest
e. Hangs bells, temple bells
f' License angklo
g. Holy water earthern cooking pot
h. Scoop
i. Mirror
j. Buddhist Atribute
6. Basuki Abdullah painting and photos
In the Paringgitan there are some paintings by Basuki Abdullah (the well known Solonese painter)
a. Gusti Putri (The Queen of Mangkunegoro Vlll)
b. Gusti Ratu Timur (The Queen of Mangkunegoro VII)
c. Painting of Mangkunegoro VII and Mangkunegoro VIII d. And many other photos of The Royal family.
7. Mask
The rare collection of masks used for dancing from various areas of Indonesia (Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Bali, Madura, Bandung and Malang) 8. Other things
a. A piece building fragment or temple and glazed porcelain. b. Appreciation or sign of respect
c. Dance clothes
d. Crystal collection
e. Calligraphy, Beber Puppets
And the other things in palace which the writer unknown.
Kalorimeter
I. Tujuan
Hukum kekekalan energi menyatakan bahwa energi tidak dapat dimusnahkan dan diciptakan melainkan hanya dapat diubah dari satu bentuk energi kebentuk energi yang lain. Di alam ini banyak terdapat jenis energi, antara lain : energi kimia, energi listrik, energi kalor, energi potensial gravitasi, energi kinetik dan lain-lain. Pada percobaan kali ini akan dilakukan pengkonversian energi dari energi listrik menjadi energi panas dengan menggunakan kalorimeter. Dalam peristiwa tersebut dapat ditentukan nilai kesetaraan antara energi listrik dengan energi kalor.
Setelah melakukan percobaan, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu :
1. Menentukan besarnya energi listrik yang dilepaskan dalam kalorimeter.
2. Menentukan besarnya neregi alor yang diterima kalorimeter.
3. Menentukan nilai kesetaraan kalor – listrik
II. Dasar Teori
Pada percobaan kali ini berhubungan dengan dua bentuk energi yakni enegi kalor dan listrik. Energi listrik dihasilkan oleh suatu catu daya pada suatu resistor dinyatakan dengan persamaan :
Dimana W = energi listrik ( joule )
v = Tegangan listrik ( volt )
i = Arus listrik ( Volt )
t = waktu / lama aliran listrik ( sekon )
Jumlah kalor yang diperlukan untuk menaikan suhu zat dinyatakan dengan persamaan :
Dimana Q = Jumlah kalor yang diperlukan ( kalori )
m = massa zat ( gram )
c = kalor jenis zat ( kal/gr0C)
ta = suhu akhir zat (0C)
t = suhu mula-mula (0C)
Dalam percobaan ini eneri listrik yang dilepaskan akan diterima oleh air dan kalorimeter. Berdasarkan azas Black bahwa kalor yang dilepas sama dengan kalor yang diterima, maka energi listrik yang dilepaskan akan diterima oleh air dalam kalorimeter dankalorimeter itu sendiri, sehingga akan terjadi perubahan panas pada air dan kalorimeter.
Adapun besarnya nilai kesetaraan kalor listrik dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan :
Dimana v = Tegangan listrik ( volt )
i = Arus listrik ( Volt )
t = waktu / lama aliran listrik ( sekon )
mk = massa kalorimeter kosong dan pengaduk ( gram )
ck = kalor jenis kalorimeter ( kal/gr0C)
ma = massa air dalam kalorimeter ( gram )
ca = kalor jenis air ( kal/gr0C)
ta = suhu akhir zat (0C)
t = suhu mula-mula (0C)
III. Metode Eksperimen
A. Alat dan Bahan
1. Kalorimeter listrik 1 buah
2. Thermometer 2 buah
3. Neraca 1 buah
4. Catu daya listrik DC 1 buah
5. Amperemeter 1 buah
6. Voltmeter 1 buah
7. Kabel penghubung 1 set
8. Stopwatch 1 buah
B. Prosedur Percobaan
Set percobaan
1. Pasanglah rangkaian listriknya seperti gambar diatas dan beritahukan kepada Assisten lebih dahulu untuk diperiksa sebelum rangkaian tersebut dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan.
2. Setelah diperiksa, dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan, maka aturlah arusnya kira- kira 2 Ampere, kemudian Anda matikan lagi saklarnya.
3. Timbanglah calorimeter kosong ( bejana dalam ) dan pengaduk. Catalah massa calorimeter kosong.
4. Isilah calorimeter dengan air secukupnya ( kumparan tercelup ) dan timbanglah kembali sehingga massa sairnya diketahui. Catat massa air dalam calorimeter.
5. Pasanglah calorimeter yang sudah berisi air. Ukur suhu air dan calorimeter dan catalah hasil pengukuran Anda.
6. Nyalakan catu daya dan hidupkan stopwatch. Catatlah penunjuk tegangan dan arus setiap 2 manit dan aduklah terus air dalam calorimeter dengan pengaduk.
7. Setelah temperature naik sekitar 100 C hentikan aliran aliran listrik. Catalah suhu air, lama pengaliran listrik.
8. Ulangi langkah 4 – 7 dengan massa air yang berbeda.
V. Tabulasi Data
Percobaan ke :
No v
( volt ) i
( ampere) t
(sekon ) mk (gram) ma (gram) t
(0C)
ta
(0C)
VI. Daftar Pustaka
1. Dr. Sutrisno, Seri Fisika Dasar, Mekanika Bab 2 dan 6.
2. FW. Sears, Mechanic, Heat & Sond, Bab 5 dan Bab 11.
3. Halliday dan Resnick, Fisika I, Bab 5.
Hukum kekekalan energi menyatakan bahwa energi tidak dapat dimusnahkan dan diciptakan melainkan hanya dapat diubah dari satu bentuk energi kebentuk energi yang lain. Di alam ini banyak terdapat jenis energi, antara lain : energi kimia, energi listrik, energi kalor, energi potensial gravitasi, energi kinetik dan lain-lain. Pada percobaan kali ini akan dilakukan pengkonversian energi dari energi listrik menjadi energi panas dengan menggunakan kalorimeter. Dalam peristiwa tersebut dapat ditentukan nilai kesetaraan antara energi listrik dengan energi kalor.
Setelah melakukan percobaan, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu :
1. Menentukan besarnya energi listrik yang dilepaskan dalam kalorimeter.
2. Menentukan besarnya neregi alor yang diterima kalorimeter.
3. Menentukan nilai kesetaraan kalor – listrik
II. Dasar Teori
Pada percobaan kali ini berhubungan dengan dua bentuk energi yakni enegi kalor dan listrik. Energi listrik dihasilkan oleh suatu catu daya pada suatu resistor dinyatakan dengan persamaan :
Dimana W = energi listrik ( joule )
v = Tegangan listrik ( volt )
i = Arus listrik ( Volt )
t = waktu / lama aliran listrik ( sekon )
Jumlah kalor yang diperlukan untuk menaikan suhu zat dinyatakan dengan persamaan :
Dimana Q = Jumlah kalor yang diperlukan ( kalori )
m = massa zat ( gram )
c = kalor jenis zat ( kal/gr0C)
ta = suhu akhir zat (0C)
t = suhu mula-mula (0C)
Dalam percobaan ini eneri listrik yang dilepaskan akan diterima oleh air dan kalorimeter. Berdasarkan azas Black bahwa kalor yang dilepas sama dengan kalor yang diterima, maka energi listrik yang dilepaskan akan diterima oleh air dalam kalorimeter dankalorimeter itu sendiri, sehingga akan terjadi perubahan panas pada air dan kalorimeter.
Adapun besarnya nilai kesetaraan kalor listrik dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan :
Dimana v = Tegangan listrik ( volt )
i = Arus listrik ( Volt )
t = waktu / lama aliran listrik ( sekon )
mk = massa kalorimeter kosong dan pengaduk ( gram )
ck = kalor jenis kalorimeter ( kal/gr0C)
ma = massa air dalam kalorimeter ( gram )
ca = kalor jenis air ( kal/gr0C)
ta = suhu akhir zat (0C)
t = suhu mula-mula (0C)
III. Metode Eksperimen
A. Alat dan Bahan
1. Kalorimeter listrik 1 buah
2. Thermometer 2 buah
3. Neraca 1 buah
4. Catu daya listrik DC 1 buah
5. Amperemeter 1 buah
6. Voltmeter 1 buah
7. Kabel penghubung 1 set
8. Stopwatch 1 buah
B. Prosedur Percobaan
Set percobaan
1. Pasanglah rangkaian listriknya seperti gambar diatas dan beritahukan kepada Assisten lebih dahulu untuk diperiksa sebelum rangkaian tersebut dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan.
2. Setelah diperiksa, dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan, maka aturlah arusnya kira- kira 2 Ampere, kemudian Anda matikan lagi saklarnya.
3. Timbanglah calorimeter kosong ( bejana dalam ) dan pengaduk. Catalah massa calorimeter kosong.
4. Isilah calorimeter dengan air secukupnya ( kumparan tercelup ) dan timbanglah kembali sehingga massa sairnya diketahui. Catat massa air dalam calorimeter.
5. Pasanglah calorimeter yang sudah berisi air. Ukur suhu air dan calorimeter dan catalah hasil pengukuran Anda.
6. Nyalakan catu daya dan hidupkan stopwatch. Catatlah penunjuk tegangan dan arus setiap 2 manit dan aduklah terus air dalam calorimeter dengan pengaduk.
7. Setelah temperature naik sekitar 100 C hentikan aliran aliran listrik. Catalah suhu air, lama pengaliran listrik.
8. Ulangi langkah 4 – 7 dengan massa air yang berbeda.
V. Tabulasi Data
Percobaan ke :
No v
( volt ) i
( ampere) t
(sekon ) mk (gram) ma (gram) t
(0C)
ta
(0C)
VI. Daftar Pustaka
1. Dr. Sutrisno, Seri Fisika Dasar, Mekanika Bab 2 dan 6.
2. FW. Sears, Mechanic, Heat & Sond, Bab 5 dan Bab 11.
3. Halliday dan Resnick, Fisika I, Bab 5.
20 Agustus 2008
Cara Memainkan Bass Genre Funk
Pertama saya panjatkan syukur kepada allah S.W.T yang telah melimpahkan nikmat, anugerah, dan bakat bass pada saya.
Sebelum kita menginjak kepokok, saya bertanya "Apakah anda berminat untuk memainkan bass secara spontan??". Pada umumnya yang kita lihat, musik-musik zaman sekarang sangat kurang sekali mengembangkan lagu mereka dengan irama bass. Coba anda memainkan bass secara spontan atau main skill secara sendiri, anda akan merasakan irama-irama indah nada rendah. Dan anda akan ketagihan memainkan bass. Dengan dasar itu anda akan bisa memainkan bass secara spontan. Seumpama apabila anda memainkan sebuah lagu anda akan merasakan "Tanganku kok rasanya gatal apabila bermain bass secara biasa saja", secara spontan anda mengembangkan irama bass tersebut.
Begitu pula bermain bass bergenre funk. Coba anda lihat atau dengarkan musik dari musisi-musisi funk seperti Bondan Prakoso, Flea (RHCP), Marcuss Miller, dll. Anda akan terperanga dengan skill-skill mereka. Pada intinya bermain bass bergenre funk itu secara feeling. Dengan perasaan dan menghayati sebuah irama-irama bass. Dan kita harus berslogan "Music for soul". Dengan slogan itu kita bisa termotivasi untuk mengembangkan skill kita. Funk adalah sebuah genre musik yang diciptakan dari irama-irama yang memadukan feeling dan keteraturan.
Mungkin hanya ini yang bisa saya ketik. Atau bisa menghubungi saya via friendster http://www.friendster.com/thefunkbassist2008 Terima kasih....
Sebelum kita menginjak kepokok, saya bertanya "Apakah anda berminat untuk memainkan bass secara spontan??". Pada umumnya yang kita lihat, musik-musik zaman sekarang sangat kurang sekali mengembangkan lagu mereka dengan irama bass. Coba anda memainkan bass secara spontan atau main skill secara sendiri, anda akan merasakan irama-irama indah nada rendah. Dan anda akan ketagihan memainkan bass. Dengan dasar itu anda akan bisa memainkan bass secara spontan. Seumpama apabila anda memainkan sebuah lagu anda akan merasakan "Tanganku kok rasanya gatal apabila bermain bass secara biasa saja", secara spontan anda mengembangkan irama bass tersebut.
Begitu pula bermain bass bergenre funk. Coba anda lihat atau dengarkan musik dari musisi-musisi funk seperti Bondan Prakoso, Flea (RHCP), Marcuss Miller, dll. Anda akan terperanga dengan skill-skill mereka. Pada intinya bermain bass bergenre funk itu secara feeling. Dengan perasaan dan menghayati sebuah irama-irama bass. Dan kita harus berslogan "Music for soul". Dengan slogan itu kita bisa termotivasi untuk mengembangkan skill kita. Funk adalah sebuah genre musik yang diciptakan dari irama-irama yang memadukan feeling dan keteraturan.
Mungkin hanya ini yang bisa saya ketik. Atau bisa menghubungi saya via friendster http://www.friendster.com/thefunkbassist2008 Terima kasih....
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